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1 comparable product
Бухгалтерия: сопоставимая продукция -
2 product
ком., марк. продукт; продукція; виріб; товар; фабрикат все, що задовольняє потреби людини у процесах виробництва, обміну, розподілу і споживання — це товари (goods), послуги (service¹), ідеї, діяльність і т. ін.; ♦ продукт визначається ознаками користі і якості, він розрізняється за назвою торговельної марки (trademark), упаковкою (packaging) і т. ін.═════════■═════════agricultural products сільськогосподарська продукція; ancillary products допоміжні продукти; animal products продукти тваринного походження; animal and plant products продукти рослинного і тваринного походження; auxiliary products допоміжні продукти; basic products основні продукти; branded products продукти з фабричною маркою • продукти з торговельною маркою; bulky products громіздкі товари; by-product побічний продукт • проміжний виріб; capital-intensive product капіталомістка продукція; certified product сертифікований продукт; chemical products хімічна продукція; commercial product товарна продукція; comparable product порівняльна продукція; competitive product конкурентоспроможна продукція; consumer products споживчі товари; core product основний продукт; custom-made product виріб, виготовлений на замовлення; dairy products молочні продукти; different products різноманітні продукти; diversified products багато-номенклатурна продукція; domestic products вітчизняна продукція • товари внутрішнього виробництва; end-product кінцевий продукт • готовий виріб; environment-friendly product продукт, сприятливіший для довкілля; excess product надлишковий продукт • зайвий продукт; export products експортна продукція; factory products фабричні вироби • продукція виробництва; final product кінцевий продукт • готова продукція; finished product готовий виріб; food products харчові продукти • продовольчі товари; foreign products товари закордонного виробництва; forest products продукція лісової промисловості; formal product формальний продукт; fresh products свіжа продукція; frozen products заморожені товари; generic product немарочні продукти; good quality products високоякісні вироби; green-labelled product екологічно чистий продукт; gross product валовий продукт; gross domestic product; gross national product; health care products продукти для догляду за здоров'ям; high-grade product високоякісний виріб; household products товар домашнього вжитку; imported products імпортна продукція; improved product удосконалений виріб; industrial products промислові вироби; inedible products неїстівні продукти; intermediate product проміжний продукт; intangible product нематеріальний продукт; joint products продукція спільного виробництва (напр. газ і кокс із вугілля) • супутні товари; labour-intensive product трудомісткий продукт; licensed product продукція, вироблена за ліцензією; listed products номенклатура виробів; made-to-order product виріб, виготовлений на замовлення; main product основний продукт; manufactured products товари фабричного виробництва • готовий виріб; marginal product граничний продукт • виріб із гранично можливими характеристиками; marketable product популярна продукція; multi-use product продукт багаторазового використання • продукт багаторазового вжитку; national product (NP) національний продукт; net product чистий продукт; net domestic product чистий внутрішній продукт; net material product чистий продукт матеріального виробництва; net national product чистий національний продукт; nonpatentable product непатентоспроможний виріб; nonstandard product нестандартний виріб; nonstorable product продукція, яка не підлягає збереженню; obsolete product застарілий продукт; patentable product патентоспроможний продукт; patented product запатентований продукт; perishable product швидкопсувний продукт • продукт, що швидко псується; physical product фізичний продукт; primary product первинний продукт; processed product перероблений продукт; promoted product рекламований товар; proven product перевірений продукт; ready-made product готовий виріб; rejected product забракований виріб; related products споріднені продукти; returned product повернений продукт; revised product поновлена продукція • модернізована продукція; rival product конкуруючий продукт; saleable products популярна продукція; secondary product побічний продукт • вторинний продукт; semifinished product напівфабрикат; semimanufactured product напівфабрикат; semiprocessed product напівфабрикат; serial products серійна продукція; software product програмний продукт; spoiled products зіпсовані товари; standard products стандартна продукція; standardized product нормований продукт; staple product основний продукт; substitute product продукт-замінник • ерзац; tangible product матеріальний продукт; total product сукупний продукт; unfinished products напівфабрикати; unmarketable products непопулярна продукція; unpatented product незапатентований продукт; useless product непридатний продукт; waste products відходи виробництва═════════□═════════product attributes властивості продукції; product characteristics характеристика продукції; product combination асортимент продукції • товарна номенклатура; product cost; product description опис виробу; product design проектування продукту; product development розробка нової продукції; product differentiation диференціація продукції; product group товарна група; product image образ товару; product information інформація про продукт; product innovation новий виріб • нова продукція; product knowledge дані про продукт; product labelling маркування продукції • наліплювання етикеток на продукт; product liability insurance страхування відповідальності за якість продукту; product life cycle (PLC) життєвий цикл продукту; product line; product manager керівник випуску продукції; product market ринок продукції; product mix; product modification модифікація продукту; product placing розміщення продукції; product placement розміщення продукції; product planning планування випуску продукції; product portfolio асортимент продукції; product protection захист продукту; product range асортимент продукції • номенклатура виробів; product recall відкликання продукту; product selection добір продукції; product sheet карта технологічного процесу; product specialization виробнича спеціалізація; product standard виробничий стандарт; product subsidy субсидія на виробництво продукції; product unit одиниця продукції; product variety різноманітність продукції; product width асортимент продукції • номенклатура виробів; to advertise a product рекламувати продукт; to assess a product оцінювати/оцінити продукт; to demonstrate a product демонструвати/продемонструвати продукт; to design product проектувати/спроектувати продукт • планувати/спланувати продукт; to develop products розробляти/ розробити продукти; to evaluate a product оцінювати/оцінити продукт; to exhibit products експонувати продукцію; to feature products експонувати продукцію; to guarantee a product гарантувати якість виробів • забезпечувати/забезпечити якість продуктів; to label a product позначати/позначити виріб; to launch a product випускати/випустити продукт • починати/почати випуск продукту; to list products укладати/укласти список товарів; to manufacture products виробляти/виробити продукцію • виготовляти/виготовити продукцію; to process products переробляти/переробити продукцію; to sell products продавати/продати продукти; to show products експонувати продукти; to store products розміщати/розмістити товар на складіproduct ‡ B. four principles of marketing (386)▹▹ product line▹▹ product mix* * *( banking) банківський продукт; банківська послуга -
3 product
сущ.1)а) эк. продукт, изделие, товар (предмет, созданный человеком, машиной или природой; чаще всего имеются в виду предметы, созданные с целью продажи); мн. продукцияfood products — продукты, продовольственные товары
high-quality product — товар высокого качества, высококачественный [первоклассный\] товар
premium quality [premium grade\] product — товар высшего сорта [качества\], товар класса премиум-класса
undiscounted products — товары, продаваемые без скидки
fairly-priced product — товар по приемлемой [справедливой\] цене
See:acceptable product, accessory product, actual product, adulterated product, advanced technology products, ageing product, agricultural product, alimentary products, allied products, all-meat product, alternative products, ancillary product, anonymous product, augmented product, bakery products 1), basic product, beauty product, best-selling product, business products, by-product 1), &3, capitalized product, captive product, characteristic product, 2), co-product, commercialized product, commodity product, common product, comparable products, competing products, competiting products, competitive product, competitive products, complementary products, complete product, complicated product, conforming product, consumer products, consumer durable product, convenience products, core product, crop products, custom-designed product, customized product, custom-made product, declining product, deficient product, dehydrated product, differentiated product, diminishing marginal product, disposable product, diversified products, DIY product, do-it-yourself product, domestic product, durable products, egg product, electronics products, end product 2), &3, energy-saving product, entrenched product, essential product, established product, ethical product, ethnic product, everyday product, exclusive product, export products, fair trade product, fairly traded product, fairtrade product, fighting product, final product 1), а&2, financial product, food products, foreign products, formal product, functional product, generic product, global product, green products, grooming product, hair-care product, half-finished product, harmful product, health product, hedonic product, heterogeneous product, high performance product, high quality product, high-interest product 1), high-involvement products, high-margin product, high-reliability product, high-risk product, high-tech product, high-turnover product, high-value product, home-grown product, home-produced product, homogeneous product, hot product, household cleaning product, household maintenance products, household product, hygiene product, imitative product, imperfect product, import products, import-sensitive products, impulse product, industrial product, inferior product, information product, innovative product, in-process product, intangible product, interlocking products, intermediate product, investigated product, joint product, key product, knowledge-intensive product, known product, laundry products, lead product, leading edge product, leisure products, leisure-time products, licensed product, line extension product, livestock product, low-interest product 1), low-involvement products, low-value product, luxury product, main product 2), &3, manufactured products, marginal physical product, marginal product, mature product, me-too product, metal product, misbranded product, multinational product, multiple-use product 2), mundane product, national product, necessary product, necessity product, new product, no-name product, nonconforming product, non-conforming product, non-durable products, nonfood products, non-standard product, novel product, office products, off-price product, off-standard product, oil products, one-shot product, optional product, over-engineered product, paper products, parity products, patentable product, patented product, patent-protected product, payment product, pension product, pharmaceutical product, physical product, plant products, potential product, premium product, prestige products, price-sensitive product, primary products, prime product, printed products, private brand products, private label products, processed product, qualified product, quality products, ready-made product, rejected product, related product, replacement product, representative product, retirement product, revenue product, revised product, safe product, saleable product, salutary product, satisfactory product, scarce product, second generation product, secondary product, semi-finished products, shoddy product, sideline product, single-use product, skill-intensive product, slow-moving product, social product, sophisticated product, standardized products, sugared product, superior product, supplementary products, surplus product, synthetic product, tainted products, tangible product, tied product, tied products, tinned products, tobacco products 1), tying products, unacceptable product, unbranded product, unidentified product, unpatented product, unsafe product, unsaleable product, unsatisfactory product, utilitarian product, vendible product, viable product, wanted product, well-designed product, worthwhile product, product acceptability, product acceptance, product adaptability, product adaptation, product addition, product advertising, product analysis, product announcement, product application, product area, product arsenal, product assessment, product association, product assortment, product assurance, product augmentation, product availability, product awareness, product benefit, product billing, product brand, product branding, product bundling, product capabilities, product category, product choice, product claim, product class, product classification, product company, product compatibility, product competition, product comprehension, product concept, product conception, product control, product copy, product cost, product costing, product coverage, product cycle, product decision, product deletion, product demand, product demonstration, product departmentalization, product design, product development, product differences, product differentiation, product display, product distribution network, product diversification, product division, product element, product elimination, product engineering, product enhancement, product evaluation, product evolution, product exchange, product exhaustion, product expansion, product extension, product failure, product family, product field, product flows, product form, product graduation, product group, product homogeneity, product idea, product image, product improvement, product inflation, product innovation, product inspection, product integrity, product introduction, product invention, product item, product knowledge, product label, product labelling, product layout, product leveraging, product liability, product life, product life cycle, product line, product lineup, product literature, product management, product manager, product manual, product market, product marketing, product matching, product message, product mix, product modification, product name, product nameplate, product offering, product opportunity, product organization, product orientation, product origin, product patent, product perception, product performance, product personality, product placement, product plan, product planner, product planning, product policy, product portfolio, product position, product positioning, product preference, product presentation, product price, product pricing, product profile, product proliferation, product promotion, product proof, product protection, product publicity, product puffery, product quality, product quantity, product range, product rationalization, product recall, product release, product requirements, product research, product research and development, product retailer, product revision, product revolution, product safety, product sales, product sample, product sampling, product satisfaction, product segment, product segmentation, product shortage, product specialization, product specifications, product standard, product statement, product strategy, product structure, product style, product styling, product subline, product superiority, product survey, product tangibility, product team, product technology, product test, product testimony, product testing, product trial, product type, product uniformity, product usage, product validation, product variation, product variety, product warranty, endorse a product, Central Product Classification, Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product, Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers, Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing, debt-for-products swapб) эк. продукт, объем продукции ( количество произведенных товаров или услуг)company's product — продукция компании, товары компании
See:2) общ. результат, продукт (итог какой-л. деятельности)History is the product of social and economic forces. — История — это результат взаимодействия общественных и экономических факторов.
the product of this activity is radiation — в результате этой деятельности появляется радиация.
See:3) мат. произведение ( результат умножения двух чисел)
* * *
продукт, товар: что-либо производимое для продажи.* * ** * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * * -
4 product
nпродукт, продукция, изделие
- advanced products
- agricultural products
- aircraft products
- all-season product
- ancillary products
- animal products
- animal and plant products
- annual product
- auxiliary product
- aviation products
- banking product
- basic products
- bespoke banking product
- branded products
- bulky product
- capital-intensive product
- capitalized product
- captive product
- certified product
- characteristic product
- chemical products
- commercial product
- commodity product
- comparable products
- comparative products
- competitive products
- complete product
- conforming product
- consumer product
- consumption product
- custom-made product
- dairy products
- defensive products
- delivered products
- different products
- differentiated products
- diversified products
- domestic products
- dumped products
- end product
- engineering products
- excess product
- expensive products
- export products
- exported products
- factory products
- factory-made products
- farm products
- final product
- finished product
- first-class product
- first-rate product
- flexible products
- fodder products
- food products
- foreign products
- foreign-made products
- forest products
- fresh products
- frozen products
- genetically modified products
- good quality product
- gross product
- gross domestic product
- gross national product
- half-finished product
- hard-to-move product
- hard-to-sell product
- health care products
- high-grade product
- highly effective products
- highly efficient products
- highly technical product
- high-priced products
- high-quality products
- high-reliability product
- high-technology products
- home product
- home-made product
- home-used product
- hottest-selling products
- imported products
- industrial products
- industrialized products
- inedible products
- inland product
- insurance product
- intermediate product
- joint products
- labour-intensive product
- licensed product
- listed products
- livestock products
- low-priced products
- made-to-order product
- main product
- manufactured products
- marginal product
- marginal revenue product
- marginal value product
- marketable product
- merchantable sales product
- multi-use product
- national product
- net product
- net domestic product
- net material product
- net national product
- newly designed product
- noncapitalized product
- nonpatentable product
- nonstandard product
- nonstorable product
- obsolescent product
- off-standard product
- patentable product
- patented product
- perishable product
- piggyback product
- pioneer product
- potential gross national product
- primary product
- prime product
- prime quality product
- private label product
- processed product
- promising product
- promoted product
- proprietary product
- proven product
- purchased product
- qualified product
- quality product
- questionable product
- ready-made product
- real net national product
- rejected product
- related products
- respective products
- returned product
- revised product
- rival product
- saleable products
- science-intensive products
- secondary product
- semifinished product
- semimanufactured product
- semiprocessed product
- semistandard product
- serial products
- sideline products
- similar products
- single-use product
- slow-moving product
- social product
- sold products
- sophisticated products
- special products
- spoiled products
- standard products
- standardized product
- substandard product
- substitution product
- superior product
- surplus product
- tangible product
- timber and paper products
- top quality product
- total product
- tying products
- unidentified product
- unfinished products
- unified product
- unmarketable products
- unpatented product
- unsaleable product
- useless product
- various products
- waste products
- product of industry
- product of labour
- products of superior quality
- products of vegetable and animal origin
- product superior in quality
- advertise a product
- assess a product
- deal in products
- demonstrate a product
- develop new products
- evaluate a product
- exchange products
- exhibit products
- feature products
- freeze products
- guarantee a product
- introduce a product into the market
- label a product
- launch a product
- list products
- manufacture products
- process products
- sell products
- show products
- store products
- turn out productsEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > product
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5 lag
A n■ lag behind:▶ lag behind [person, prices] être à la traîne ;▶ lag behind [sb/sth] traîner derrière [person] ; fig être en retard sur [rival, comparable product] ; wages are lagging behind prices les salaires sont en retard sur les prix. -
6 price
1. сущ.1) эк. цена (денежное выражение стоимости товара, т. е. количество денежных единиц, которое должно быть уплачено за единицу товара; термин также может относиться к количеству другого товара, которое необходимо отдать в обмен на данный товар)ATTRIBUTES: actual 1. 1), adjustable 1. 2), adjusted 1. 1), administered 1. 1), 1. 2), arm's length, base 3. 2), base period, basic 3. 5), best 2. 5), budget 3. 2), n1&g1n1а clean 1. 1), comparable, competitive 1. 1), &2а current 1. 2), depressed 1. 2), а dirty 1. 1), discount 1. 1), а domestic 1. 2) а), dutiable, duty-paid, fair 2. 5), n1 final 1. 2), firm II 1. 1) б), fixed II 1. 4) б), flat 2. 5), n2&g2n4 flexible 1. 2), б full 1. 2), going, graduated 1. 2), gross II 1. 3) а), internal II 1. 2) а), negotiable 1. 2), negotiated, net 3. 2), n1а nominal II 1. 3) а), original 2. 5), n1 pegged 1. 2), planned, premium 2. 5), n2&g1n3б present I 2. 2) а), published, quoted I 2. 2) а), I 2. 3) а), I 2. 4) а), reasonable 1. 2), regular 1. 1), set 2. 5), n1 special I 1. 6) а), standard 2. 5), n2 stated 1. 1), target 3. 2), threshold, total 2. 5), n4 usual, variable II 1. 2) а), advertise 1. 1), discount 2. 5), n1 suggest 1. 1)
aggregate price — совокупная [суммарная, общая, итоговая\] цена
Option is the right to buy or sell a specified quantity of a security at an agreed price. — Опцион — это право купить или продать определенное количество ценных бумаг по согласованной цене.
consumer-friendly [customer-friendly, user-friendly\] price — цена, приемлемая для потребителя [клиента, пользователя\]*; цена, дружественная к потребителю [клиенту, пользователю\]*
estimated price — ориентировочная [предполагаемая\] цена
The price was fabulous and so was the room and continental breakfast. — Цена была просто сказочной, так же как и комната, и континентальный завтрак.
famine prices — недоступные цены; дороговизна ( как при товарном голоде)
give-away price — бросовая цена, крайне низкая цена
honest price — честная цена, справедливая цена
prevailing price — преобладающая [господствующая\] цена
reduced price — сниженная [пониженная\] цена
remunerative price — выгодная [прибыльная\] цена; цена, дающая [обеспечивающая\] прибыль; цена, обеспечивающая получение прибыли
stable [steady, stationary\] prices — стабильные цены
top price — высшая [максимальная, потолочная\] цена
Prices are exclusive of VAT. — Цены не включают НДС.
VAT inclusive price, price inclusive of VAT — цена с НДС, цена с учетом НДС; цена, включая НДС
Prices shown are VAT inclusive. — Указанные цены включают НДС.
GST inclusive price, price inclusive of GST — австр., новозел. цена, включая налог на товары и услуги*; цена с учетом налога на товары и услуги*; цена с налогом на товары и услуги*
dollar price, price in dollars — цена в долларах
The real price in silver is only $0.229 a gallon. — Реальная цена в серебре составляет всего лишь $0.229 за галлон.
crude oil price ( COP) — цена на сырую нефть
Farmland prices are continuing to rise, but it's not so much due to farmers trying to outbid one another. — Цены на сельскохозяйственную землю продолжают расти, но это не так уж зависит от фермеров, старающихся перебить цены друг друга.
member price — цена для членов/участников
COMBS:
price decline, reduction in price(s), fall in price(s), decline in price(s), price decrease, decrease in price(s), downturn in price(s), price downturn, drop in price(s), drop of price(s), dip in price(s) — снижение [падение\] цен(ы)
jump [bounce\] in prices — скачок цен, резкое повышение цен
agricultural product prices, farm product prices — цены на сельскохозяйственную продукцию
price per gallon, per gallon price — цена за галлон
at a price of $1 per copy — по цене (в) 1 долл. за экземпляр
price per person — цена на (одного) человека, цена с человека
for half price — за половинную цену, за полцены
at current [present, going\] prices — по текущим ценам
at a greatly reduced price — по значительно сниженной цене, с большой скидкой
to sell (smth.) at a discount price — продавать (что-л.) со скидкой [с дисконтом\]
to sell at a sacrifice price — продавать по убыточной цене, продавать себе в убыток
to buy (smth.) at a premium price — покупать (что-л.) с премией [с надбавкой, по более высокой цене\]
at a price below $55 — по цене ниже $55
U.S. companies with a stock price above $500 — американские компании с ценами акций, превышающими $500
The base price under the contract is $21 per unit. — Базовая цена по контракту [в соответствии с контрактом\] составляет $21 за единицу.
Price before discount is $32.95. — Цена до скидки составляет $32.95.
The purchase price after discount is $51000. — Покупная цена после скидки — $51000.
to put a price on smth. — назначать цену за что-л., оценить что-л.
to make a price — объявлять цену, назначать цену
to arrive at a price — устанавливать цену, определять цену; договариваться о цене
to bargain on [about\] a price — торговаться о цене, торговаться из-за цены
to knock $1 off price — сбавлять [снижать\] цену на $1, делать скидку с цены на $1
to bring down [to cut, to lower, to reduce, to slash, to roll back, to shave, to undercut, to scale down, to force down, to put down, to send down, to squeeze down, to mark down\] prices, to send prices down, to put prices down, to ease prices — понижать [снижать, срезать\] цены
to hike [to increase, to mark up, to raise, to enhance, to bump up, to boost\] prices; to bid up prices, to push up prices, to force up prices, to send prices up, to send up prices — повышать цены; вздувать [взвинчивать\] цены
Natural gas, in particular, has increased in price during the past year. — В частности, за прошлый год подорожал природный газ.
to go down in price, to decrease in price, to fall in price, to decline in price, to sink in price, to drop in price — понижаться в цене, дешеветь
to keep to the price — придерживаться (какой-л.) цены
We will do our very best to keep the price as low as possible. — Мы приложим все усилия, чтобы сохранить цену на как можно более низком уровне.
to keep down prices, to keep prices down — не допускать повышения цен
to gripe about prices — выражать недовольство по поводу (высоких) цен, жаловаться на (высокие) цены
to administer prices, to regulate prices — регулировать цены
to control prices — регулировать [контролировать\] цены
prices eased [dropped, dipped\] — цены снизились [упали\]
prices tend downward(s)/upward(s) — цены имеют тенденцию к понижению/повышению
Prices closed firm yesterday. — Вчера цены окрепли к закрытию.
Gold prices closed down $3.80 to $554.60/oz. — Цены золота закрылись с понижением на $3,80, сократившись до уровня в $554,60 за унцию.
The price works out to [at\] $29. — Цена составляет 29 долларов.
See:absolute price, accounting price, acquisition price, actual price, adjustable price, adjusted price, administered price, admission price, advertised price, advertising price, after-hours price, agricultural price, all-in price, all-inclusive price, arbitrage price, arbitrage-free price, arm's length price, ask price, asked price, asking price, auction price, bargain price, bargain sale price, bargained price, base period price, base price, base-point price, basic price, basing-point price, basis price, best price, bid price, bond price, book price, border price, bride price, brideprice, budget price, budget-conscious price, budget-friendly price, budget-pleasing price, buy price, buyback price, buyer's price, buying price, C&F price, call price, cancellation price, cartel price, cash price, catalogue price, ceiling price, CFR price, CIF price, CIP price, clean price, close price, closing price, comparable prices, competitive price, consumer price, contract price, conversion price, cost and freight price, cost price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, 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insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price 1. 1) а), cost, insurance, freight price 1. 3) а), cost, insurance, freight price 1. 1) а), cost, insurance, freight price 1. 3) а), а cost, insurance, freight price 1. 1) а), а cost, insurance, freight price 1. 1) а), б cost, insurance, freight price 1. 3) а) cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price 2., cost, insurance, freight price 2., cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price, cost, insurance, freight price 2., cost, insurance, freight price2) общ. цена, жертва, платаATTRIBUTES:
at any price — любой ценой, во что бы то ни стало
not at any price — ни за что; ни при каких обстоятельствах
to pay the price — расплачиваться, уплатить цену
These individuals are often willing to pay the price for success by investing time, energy, and even money into developing their success. — Эти люди часто готовы платить за успех, вкладывая свое время, силы и даже деньги в достижение этого успеха.
We all have to pay a high price for freedom. — Мы все вынуждены дорого платить за свободу.
The price of progress was paid with the blood of the American Indian. — За прогресс было заплачено кровью американских индейцев.
Syn:worth 1. 2), value 1. 2)3) общ. ценностьabove [beyond, without\] price — бесценный
See:unpriced 2)2. гл.1) эк. назначать цену, оценивать (определять, по какой цене должен продаваться данный товар или услуга); указывать цену ( на товаре)the seller priced the house at $359000 — продавец оценил дом в $359000
to be priced at $10 — быть оцененным в $10
The book is priced at $30.00 plus shipping and handling of $5.00. — Книга оценена в 30 долл. плюс затраты на погрузку и перевозку в размере 5 долл.
See:misprice, overprice 1., preprice, price out 1., price-conscious, priced, pricer, pricing, reprice, underprice 1., unpriced2) эк. узнавать цену, прицениватьсяyou can price the different models and compare features — вы можете прицениться к разным моделям и сравнить характеристики
I did make the usual trip to the local home improvement store and priced the different models. — Я все-таки посетил местный магазин бытовых товаров и приценился к различным моделям.
* * *
abbrev.: PX price цена; стоимость; курс.* * *• /vt/ оценивать• 1) цена; 2) /stock exchange/ курс; 3) ценовой* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *сумма, которую следует уплатить при приобретении товара или услуги; обычно имеет денежное выражение-----денежное выражение обязательства произвести платеж за проданную продукцию, выполненные работы или оказанные услуги -
7 group
(2. Gp)1. n ком., марк. група; угруповання; клас; організація; колектив; a груповий; колективний; 2. ком., юр. група; концерн; об'єднання компаній; організація1. об'єднана за певними ознаками і властивостями сукупність предметів, осіб тощо; 2. група акціонерних товариств, зокрема холдингова компанія (holding company) разом з дочірніми компаніями (subsidiary)═════════■═════════ad hoc group спеціальна група; administration group адміністративна група; advisory group консультативна група • група консультантів; age group вікова група; allied trade споріднена торговельна група; business group група підприємців; business contact group група ділових зв'язків; buyers' group група покупців; campaign group група, яка організує кампанію; citizen's action group діюча громадська група; commodity group група товарів • товарна група; community group громадська група • група місцевої громадськості; comparable group порівняльна група • схожа група • подібна група; competing group конкуруюча група; consumer group група споживачів; consumer boycott group група споживачів, які беруть участь у бойкоті; consumer interest group група захисту інтересів споживачів; consumer protection group група захисту інтересів споживачів; consumer satisfaction group група вивчення задоволеності споживачів; control group контрольна група; current business group функціонуюча ділова група; customer group група клієнтів • група замовників; demographic group демографічна група; design group група проектувальників; development group група розвитку фірми • група розвитку; discussion group колоквіум • семінар; economic group економічна група • господарська група; economic-and-social group соціально-економічна група; encounter group групова зустріч для обговорення спільних проблем • зустріч для вільного і відвертого обміну думками у вузькому колі • групи за інтересами • групова психотерапія; environmental group група захисників навколишнього середовища; ethnic group етнічна група; examining group група експертів • група експертизи; experimental group експериментальна група; focus group група для тематичного опитування • фокус-група; forecasting group група прогнозування; formal group формальна група • формальний колектив; homogeneous group однорідна група • група з однорідним складом; income group група за рівнем доходів • група населення, яка має однаковий дохід; industry group галузева група • група за галуззю діяльності; informal group неформальна група • неформальний колектив; interest group група, об'єднана загальними інтересами; lasting group довговічна група • стабільна група; leadership group група лідерства; life-style group група за способом життя; loaning group кредитна група; lobby group група лобістів • група людей, яка чинить тиск на керівний орган для прийняття певного рішення; management group група управління; manufacturing group виробнича група; matched group ідентична група • парна група • порівняльна група • сумісна група; medium-income group група за середнім рівнем доходів; membership group членський колектив • група членів; minority group національна меншість • меншість; national group національна група • група осіб однієї національності; natural group природна група; new product development group група спеціалістів — розробників нових товарів; nomadic group кочова група; noncompeting groups неконкурентні групи; occupational group група за родом зайнятості • професійна група; order receiving group група, яка приймає замовлення; peer group група рівних; performing arts group група виконавців • мистецька група; policy group група, яка опрацьовує стратегію; political group політична група; population group група населення; pressure group група тиску • група, яка обстоює певні інтереси • група, об'єднана спільними інтересами; primary group первинна група • первинне оточення • первинний колектив; producers group виробнича група; product group товарний підрозділ • товарна група • група товарів; product line group асортиментна група • група товарів, близьких за номенклатурою; product test group група випробування товару • група товарних випробувань; professional group група професіоналів; project group проектна група; psychological group психологічне угруповання; public interest group група захисту інтересів громадськості • група громадських інтересів; purchasing group закупівельна група; quality assurance group група забезпечення якості; racial group расова група; reform group група реформаторів; repair group ремонтна група; research group дослідницька група; retailers' buying group об'єднання роздрібних торговців; risk group група ризику; secondary group вторинна група • вторинне оточення • вторинний колектив; select group вибрана група; social group суспільна група; social action group група суспільної дії; socioeconomic group соціально-економічна група; sociological group соціологічна група; special-interest group група зі спеціальними інтересами; statistical group статистична група; study group робоча група • дослідницька група; task group цільова група; target group цільова група; technical group технічна група • група технічних спеціалістів; test group випробувальна група • дослідна група; trade group галузева група; trading group торговельне об'єднання; transportation group транспортна група; upscale group група, вища від середнього рівня; user group група користувачів; viewing group група глядачів; wage rate group група одного розряду заробітної плати; watchdog group група нагляду • контрольна (ревізійна) група; working group робоча група═════════□═════════group annual report річний звіт об'єднання; group assurance scheme система колективного страхування; group balance sheet балансовий звіт групи компаній; group case study груповий аналіз конкретних ситуацій • груповий розгляд конкретних проблем; group company концерн • змішана компанія • спільна компанія; group deficit груповий дефіцит • дефіцит бюджету групи компаній; group discount ставка обліку групи компаній; group dynamics групова динаміка; group earnings доходи групи компаній; group equity капітал групи компаній; group financial statement фінансовий звіт групи компаній; group health insurance колективне медичне страхування; group information інформація про стан концерну; group insurance колективне страхування; group leader лідер угруповання; group leasing колективна довгострокова оренда; group life insurance групове страхування життя; group management колективне керівництво; group managing director директор-розпорядник групи компаній; group of companies група компаній • концерн; group of experts група експертів; group of investors група вкладників капіталу • група інвесторів; Group of Seven (G7), G-7 countries група семи (провідні країни Заходу: Великобританія, Німеччина, Канада, США, Франція, Італія, Японія); Group of Eight, G-8 countries група восьми (Великобританія, Німеччина, Канада, США, Франція, Італія, Японія, Росія); group of Ten, G-10 countries група десяти (члени Міжнародного валютного фонду: США, Канада, Бельгія, Нідерланди, Великобританія, Італія, Франція, Німеччина, Швеція, Японія); group outline спільний план діяльності групи компаній; group pension fund колективний пенсійний фонд; group policy груповий поліс; group profit прибуток групи компаній; group relations взаємостосунки між членами колективу; group taxation оподаткування групи компаній; group turnover товарооборот групи компаній; G-5 countries група п'яти (провідні країни Заходу: Великобританія, Німеччина, США, Франція, Японія); to group with поєднуватися/поєднатися • поєднуватися/ поєднатися зgroup²:: group of companies -
8 price
1. n1) цена
- acceptable price
- accounting price
- accurate price
- acquisition price
- actual price
- adjustable prices
- adjusted price
- administered price
- advanced price
- advertized price
- after price
- after hours price
- agreed price
- agreed-upon price
- aggregate price
- agricultural product prices
- all-in price
- all-round price
- American Selling Price
- anticipated price
- applicable price
- approximate price
- arm's length price
- asked price
- asking price
- attractive price
- average price
- bargain price
- base price
- basic price
- basic point price
- basis price
- bedrock price
- benchmmark price
- best price
- best-performing share prices
- bid price
- black market price
- blanket price
- bona fide selling price
- bond price
- book price
- boom price
- bottom price
- B-share prices
- budget price
- buy-back price
- buyers' price
- buying price
- calculative price
- call price
- carry-over price
- cash price
- catalogue price
- ceiling price
- cheap price
- clearing price
- close prices
- closing price
- closing share price
- coming out price
- commodity price
- common price
- comparable prices
- comparative prices
- competitive price
- competitor's price
- constant price
- consumer prices
- contracted price
- cost price
- cutthroat price
- daily settlement price
- dealer price
- decontrolled prices
- delivered price
- demand price
- derived target price
- determined price
- differential prices
- dirt cheap price
- disbursing price
- discounted price
- distress price
- domestic price
- dropping prices
- dual price
- entry-preventing price
- equation price
- equilibrium price
- equitable price
- equity price
- escalating prices
- escalation prices
- escalator prices
- established price
- estimated price
- estimated total price
- euro price
- exact price
- exceptional price
- excessive price
- exchange price
- exclusive price
- exercise price
- exhaust price
- existing price
- exorbitant price
- external prices
- extra price
- factor price
- factory price
- factory gate price
- factory list price
- fair price
- falling prices
- fancy price
- farm prices
- farm commodity prices
- farm produce prices
- favourable price
- final price
- firm price
- first price
- fixed price
- flat price
- flexible prices
- floor price
- fluctuating price
- foreign price
- forward price
- free market price
- full-cost price
- gilt prices
- global price
- going price
- going market price
- gross price
- grower's price
- guaranteed price
- guideline price
- guiding price
- half price
- hard prices
- heavy price
- high price
- highest price
- hire price
- hire purchase price
- home price
- home market price
- House price
- huge price
- identical price
- implicit price
- import price
- inbound price
- increased price
- individual price
- individual price of production
- individual cost price
- inflated prices
- initial price
- inside price
- internal price
- intervention price
- invoiced price
- irregular prices
- issue price
- item price
- itemized price
- job prices
- just price
- keen price
- kerb prices
- knockdown price
- knockout price
- laid-down price
- land price
- landed price
- last price
- leading price
- limit price
- limited price
- listed price
- live market price
- livestock price
- loaded price
- local price
- local market price
- loco price
- low price
- lowest price
- lump-sum price
- making-up price
- manufacturer's price
- manufacturing price
- marginal price
- markdown price
- marked price
- market price
- market-determined price
- marrying price
- maximum price
- mean price
- median price
- median home prices
- medium price
- mercantile price
- middle price
- minimum price
- moderate price
- monopoly price
- national price
- natural price
- negotiable price
- negotiated price
- net price
- new prices
- nominal price
- nonflexible price
- normal price
- normalized price
- notional price
- offered price
- offering price
- offer of issue price
- official price
- open price
- opening price
- option price
- option price of shares
- original price
- output price
- outside price
- overestimated price
- overhead price
- package price
- packing price
- parity price
- peak price
- pegged price
- piece price
- popular prices
- posted price
- preferential price
- pre-increase price
- preliminary price
- premium price
- present price
- prevailing prices
- probate price
- procurement price
- producer's price
- prohibitive price
- public offering price
- published price
- purchase price
- purchasing price
- put price
- put-and-call price
- quantity price
- quoted price
- raw material price
- real price
- realization price
- reasonable price
- receding prices
- receiving price
- recent prices
- recommended price
- redemption price
- reduced price
- reference price
- regular price
- relative prices
- remunerative price
- rent price
- replacement price
- resale price
- reservation price
- reserve price
- reserved price
- retail price
- revised price
- rising prices
- rock-bottom price
- ruinous price
- ruling price
- sale price
- seasonal price
- sagging price
- saleable price
- secondhand price
- security price
- sellers' price
- selling price
- sensitive prices
- set price
- setting price
- settlement price
- shadow price
- share price
- sinking price
- skyrocketing price
- sliding price
- sliding-scale price
- sluice gate price
- soaring price
- special price
- specific price
- split prices
- spot price
- stable price
- standard price
- standard list price
- standard unit price
- starting price
- state price
- stated price
- state-set price
- stationary price
- steady prices
- sticker price
- stiff price
- stipulated price
- stock price
- stock exchange price
- stopout price
- store prices
- street price
- strictly net price
- strike price
- striking price
- strong price
- subscription price
- suggested price
- supply price
- support price
- surging share prices
- tape prices
- target price
- target asset price
- tariff price
- tax-inclusive prices
- tender price
- threshold price
- top price
- total price
- trade price
- trading price
- transaction price
- transfer price
- trigger price
- two-tier price
- typical price
- uncontrollable prices
- underestimated price
- underselling price
- uniform price
- unit price
- unrealistic price
- unreasonable price
- unsettled price
- unstable price
- upset price
- variable prices
- wholesale price
- wide prices
- world bond price
- world market price
- zone price
- price after hours
- price at the current exchange rate
- price ex store
- price ex warehouse
- price for the account
- price for cash
- price for a quantity unit
- price for the settlement
- price in foreign currency
- price in gold
- prices in the open market
- price in a price list
- price in the quotation
- prices in the region of %
- price of call
- price of currency
- price of day
- price of delivery
- prices of farm products
- price of freight
- price of gold
- prices of industrial goods
- price of labour power
- price of land
- price of money
- price of option
- price of production
- price of services
- prices on the quotation
- prices on the world market
- price per metric ton
- price per piece
- price per set
- price per unit
- at the price
- at bargain prices
- at a firesale price
- at a high price
- at a low price
- at all prices
- in comparable prices
- price current
- price excluding
- price exclusive
- price less discount
- price plus markup
- price subject to change without notice
- price subject to final confirmation
- accept a price
- adjust prices
- advance a price
- advance in price
- alter a price
- amend a price
- arrive at a price
- ask the price
- ask for the price
- bargain over a price
- base a price
- beat down prices
- bolster the price of crude oil
- boost prices
- break down prices
- bring the price back down to earth
- bring prices in line with the cost
- bring the average price
- bring down prices
- bring low prices
- buoy prices
- calculate prices
- change a price
- charge a price
- command a high price
- control prices
- correct a price
- cut prices
- decrease prices
- deduct from a price
- depress prices
- deregulate prices
- determine a price
- differ in prices
- drop in price
- enjoy high prices
- establish a price
- estimate a price
- exceed a price
- fall in price
- fetch a high price
- finalize a price
- fix a price
- force down prices
- force up prices
- freeze prices
- fuel prices
- give a firm price
- go down in price
- go up in price
- guarantee a price
- hold in price
- hold out for a higher price
- hold up prices
- increase prices
- increase in price
- keep prices down
- keep prices up
- kick against high prices
- level prices down
- level prices up
- lift prices
- lift prices from their low
- list prices
- maintain prices
- make a price
- manipulate stock prices
- mark a price
- mark down the price
- match the price
- meet the price
- modify a price
- negotiate a price
- offer a price
- outbid the prices
- pay the price
- prop up prices
- push up prices
- publish prices
- put down prices
- put downward pressure on prices
- put up prices
- quote a price
- raise prices
- ramp up share prices
- realize a price
- recalculate prices
- recover the price
- reduce prices
- refund the price
- revise prices downwards
- revise prices upwards
- rise in price
- retrieve the price
- scale down prices
- save on prices
- sell at a high price
- sell below price
- sell under price
- send prices up
- set a price
- settle a price
- shore up prices
- show prices in dollars
- squeeze prices down
- stabilize prices
- suggest a price
- support prices
- take off the price
- tender a price
- trigger prices
- undercut prices2. vназначать цену; оценивать
- reasonably priced -
9 produce
1. n продукция, изделия; продукт2. n сельскохозяйственные продукты, сельскохозяйственная продукцияgarden produce — овощи и фрукты; зелень
3. n результат, исход4. n потомок, потомство5. v предъявлять, представлять6. v ставить; осуществлять постановку7. v создавать8. v производить, вырабатывать, выпускать; изготовлять9. v приносить, даватьfields which produce heavy crops — поля, которые дают богатый урожай
produce a profit — давать прибыль; приносить прибыль
10. v вызывать, быть причиной11. v мат. проводитьСинонимический ряд:1. fruit (noun) fruit; harvest; vegetables2. product (noun) crops; fruits; outgrowth; product; production; return; yield3. bear (verb) afford; bear; blossom; bring forth; furnish; give; provide; turn out; yield4. cause (verb) accomplish; assemble; bring about; cause; construct; draw on; effect; effectuate; engender; give rise to; induce; lead to; manufacture; occasion; result in; secure5. generate (verb) compose; create; develop; father; generate; get up; hatch; muster up; originate; parent; provoke; sire; spawn; work up; write6. make (verb) build; erect; fabricate; fashion; forge; form; frame; make; mold; mould; put together; shape7. pay (verb) bring in; clear; draw; earn; gain; gross; net; pay; realise; repay; return8. procreate (verb) beget; breed; cultivate; grow; multiply; procreate; propagate; raise; reproduce9. show (verb) bring forward; demonstrate; display; exhibit; manifest; present; show; unfold10. stage (verb) mount; put on; stageАнтонимический ряд:destroy; hide; ruin; squelch; subdue; withhold -
10 matrices
ˈmeɪtrɪsi:z матрицы absolutely matrices matrix ≈ абсолютно эквивалентные матрицы adjoint matrices matrix ≈ сопряженные матрицы biorthogonal matrices matrix ≈ биортогональные матрицы combinatorially equivalent matrices matrix ≈ комбинаторно эквивалентные матрицы commute matrices matrix ≈ коммутирующие матрицы comparable matrices matrix ≈ сравнимые матрицы conformable matrices matrix ≈ конформные матрицы (матрицы, у которых число столбцов одной равно числу строк другой) congruent matrices matrix ≈ конгруэнтные матрицы conjunctive matrices matrix ≈ конъюнктивные [эрмитово сопряженные] матрицы consistent matrices matrix ≈ состоятельные матрицы constituent matrices matrix ≈ сопутствующие матрицы counterorthogonal matrices matrix ≈ контрортогональные матрицы inconsistent matrices matrix ≈ несовместимые матрицы independent matrices matrix ≈ независимые матрицы kinematically similar matrices matrix ≈ кинематически подобные матрицы linearly dependent matrices matrix ≈ линейно зависимые матрицы matrices matrix which commute ≈ коммутирующие матрицы multiplicatively cogredient matrices matrix ≈ мультипликативно когредиентные матрицы mutually consistent matrices matrix ≈ взаимно состоятельные матрицы orthogonally equivalent matrices matrix ≈ ортогонально эквивалентные матрицы orthogonally similar matrices matrix ≈ ортогонально подобные матрицы representation of group in terms of matrices ≈ матричное представление группы ring of infinite matrices ≈ кольцо бесконечных матриц slightly intertwined matrices matrix ≈ слабо связанные матрицы strongly equivalent matrices matrix ≈ строго эквивалентные матрицы theor of positive matrices ≈ теория положительных матриц unitarily equivalent matrices matrix ≈ унитарно эквивалентные матрицы - equivalent matrices - field of matrices - pencil of matrices - product of matrices - proof by matrices - representation by matrices - similar matrices - sum of matrices - system of matrices - theor of matrices - unitary matrices pl от matrix matrices pl от matrixБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > matrices
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11 antidumping investigation
сокр. AD investigation межд. эк. антидемпинговое расследование (расследование, проводимое страной-импортером при наличии подозрения, что экспортер реализует товар по ценам ниже нормальной цены товара на внутреннем рынке страны-экспортера; направлено на выявление разницы между справедливой ценой и фактической ценой продажи и определение размера антидемпинговой пошлины; такое расследование обязательно должно проводиться для получения права на введение антидемпинговых пошлин)Syn:See:antidumping investigation notice, countervailing duty investigation, dumping 1), antidumping duty, dumping margin, Antidumping Code, dumping price, antidumping petition, fair value 2), comparable prices 2) в), investigated product, material injury, injury test, dumped goods, antidumping measures, summary investigation, preliminary determination, final determination, antidumping duty order, definitive dutyАнгло-русский экономический словарь > antidumping investigation
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12 macroeconomic indicator
эк., стат. макроэкономический показатель [индикатор\] (сводный, усредненный по экономике в целом показатель объема производства и потребления, доходов и расходов, структуры, эффективности, уровня благосостояния, экспорта и импорта, темпов экономического роста и др.; отражает общие тенденции в экономике)See:microeconomic indicator, social indicator, gross domestic product, budget, customer demand, personal spending, consumer credit, inflation, money supply, unemployment, employment report, jobless claims, help-wanted index, productivity, factory orders, building permits, housing starts, Redbook, unit labour cost, business inventories, wholesale inventory, wholesale price index, consumer price index, Purchasing Manager Index, Consumer Confidence Index, capacity utilization, balance of trade, balance of payments, import prices, export prices, Confederation of British Industry, coincident indicators, lagging indicators, leading indicators, budget assumption, comparable prices, deflator, building permits, budget assumption, capping, economic aggregate, federal budget, general price level, genuine progress indicator, inflow of fundsАнгло-русский экономический словарь > macroeconomic indicator
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13 worth
I [wɜːθ] 1. сущ.1) ценность, значение, значимостьstudy of great worth — исследование, имеющее важное значение
of no worth — не имеющий никакой ценности, никчёмный
You can read this book and judge its worth for yourself. — Вы можете прочитать эту книгу и решить сами, чего она стоит.
2) достоинствоman of worth — достойный, заслуживающий уважения человек
3) цена, стоимость, (денежная) сумма10,000 pounds' worth of product — товар на сумму десять тысяч фунтов
The necklace is of no real worth. — Ожерелье на самом деле ничего не стоит.
- net worthWe now import 20 million dollars' worth of olive oil a year. — В настоящее время мы ежегодно импортируем оливкового масла на 20 миллионов долларов.
4) состояние, доход, богатствоHis personal worth has jumped from $59bn a year ago to $85bn. — За год его личное состояние выросло с 59-ти до 85-ти миллиардов долларов.
First published in 1945, his Ficciones compressed several centuries' worth of philosophy and poetry. — Его "Вымышленные рассказы", впервые опубликованные в 1945 г., сконцентрировали в себе многовековое богатство философской мысли и поэзии.
5) запас (чего-л.)As they talked, Lawrence grew more animated and angry at Oppie - a generation's worth of personal slights and suspicions coming to the fore. — В процессе разговора Лоренс всё больше раздражался и злился на Опи: весь запас пренебрежения и подозрительности, накопленный его поколением, так и рвался наружу.
••2. прил.; предик.to put in one's two cents' worth амер.; разг. — встрять в разговор, вставить свои "пять копеек"
1) стоящий, имеющий стоимостьIt is worth much more than I paid for it. — Это стоит намного больше, чем я заплатил.
2) достойный, заслуживающийIt is worth the reader's attention. — Это заслуживает внимания читателей.
This play is worth seeing. — Эту пьесу стоит посмотреть.
If a job is worth doing, it is worth doing properly. — Если дело стоит делать, его стоит делать как следует.
He is worth over a million. — Его состояние больше миллиона.
••- for what it's worth II [wɜːθ] гл.; уст.1) случаться, происходить- Well worth the day!2) становиться3) следовать, надлежать -
14 matrix
1) мат. матрица || матричный2) форма, шаблон4) растр5) решётка6) таблица7) геол. материнская порода, основная масса ( породы)8) основа кристаллического вещества; кристаллическая решётка•- absolutely equivalent matrices - adjoint matrices - almost perfect matrix - almost periodic matrix - almost superdiagonal matrix - associative matrix - birth-death coefficient matrix - cocycle matrix - commutative matrix - commute matrices - commuting matrix - complex conjugate matrix - compound matrix - conjunctive matrices - consistently ordered matrix - constituent matrices - deficient matrix - doubly degenerated matrix - doubly stochastic matrix - encoding matrix - essentially positive matrix - magnetic core matrix - matrix of linear transformation - multiplicatively cogredient matrix - multiply degenerate matrix - mutually consistent matrices - nearly triangular matrix - negatively semidefinite matrix - nonnegatively semidefinite matrix - orthogonally similar matrices - positively definite matrix - positively semidefinite matrix - regularly partitioned matrix - strictly upper triangular matrix - strongly equivalent matrices - totally nonnegative matrix - totally positive matrix - totally unimodular matrix - uniformly tapered matrix - vertex incidence matrix - vertically symmetrical matrix - weakly cyclic matrix -
15 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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16 Invention
Although we have taken no voyage comparable to Darwin's it seems to us that the variety of human inventions seems in its own way as overwhelming and inexplicable as the infinite variety of life forms that Darwin saw. (Feldman, 1980, p. 36)he sudden inventions characteristic of the sixth stage [of infant development] are in reality the product of a long evolution of schemata and not only of an internal maturation of perceptive structures.... This is revealed by the existence of a fifth stage, characterized by experimental groping.... What does this mean if not that the practice of actual experience is necessary in order to acquire the practice of mental experience and that invention does not arise entirely preformed despite appearances? (Piaget, 1952, p. 348)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Invention
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17 food irradiation
облучение продуктов питания
—
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food irradiation
The most recent addition to food preservation technologies is the use of ionizing radiation, which has some distinct advantages over conventional methods. With irradiation, foods can be treated after packaging, thus eliminating post-processing contamination. In addition, foods are preserved in a fresh state and can be kept longer without noticeable loss of quality. Food irradiation leaves no residues, and changes in nutritional value due to irradiation are comparable with those produced by other processes. Irradiation is the process of applying high energy to a material, such as food, to sterilize or extend its shelf-life by killing microorganisms, insects and other pests residing on it. Sources of ionizing radiation that have been used include gamma rays, electron beams and X-rays. Gamma rays are produced by radioactive isotopes such as Cobalt-60. Electron beams are produced by linear accelerators, which themselves are powered by electricity. The dose applied to a product is the most important factor of the process. At high doses, food is essentially sterilized, just as occurs in canning. Products so treated can be stored at room temperature almost indefinitely. Controversial and banned in some countries. (Source: IFSE / VCN)
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